{"id":513,"date":"2022-10-17T08:53:55","date_gmt":"2022-10-17T08:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/olicentar.rs\/?post_type=koristan_sadr_aj&p=513"},"modified":"2022-10-26T09:13:02","modified_gmt":"2022-10-26T09:13:02","slug":"sposobnost-za-neutralizaciju-i-mentalizaciju-i-kapacitet-za-rad","status":"publish","type":"koristan_sadr_aj","link":"https:\/\/olicentar.rs\/sr\/koristan_sadr_aj\/sposobnost-za-neutralizaciju-i-mentalizaciju-i-kapacitet-za-rad\/","title":{"rendered":"Neutralizacija, mentalizacija i kapacitet za rad"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Sposobnost za neutralizaciju smo nazvali regulatorom psihe, jer je to sposobnost koja omogu\u0107ava da osoba bude razborita. Hartmann (1939, 1950) je pod neutralizacijom smatrao promenu \u010diste, instiktualne energije u oblike energije koji su prikladniji za funkcionisanje ega (neutralizovane energije), <\/strong>to jest oblike energije koje karakteri\u0161e visok nivo kontrole ega i kapacitet za odlaganje neposrednog instiktualnog zadovoljenja. <\/strong>Nije te\u0161ko zaklju\u010diti da je kapacitet za rad bez sposobnosti neutralizacije ozbiljno ugro\u017een. Sirova instiktualna energija preplavljuje Ego i dovodi do \u201ekur\u0161lusa\u201c, ispada u funkcionisanju, kao \u0161to bi se to desilo sa svakim elektri\u010dnim ure\u0111ajem koji bi radio na \u201cneobuzdanu\u201d struju, elekrti\u010dnu energiju bez odre\u0111enog stabilnog ritma \u2013 frekvencije. Hartman je objasnio kako se razvija \u201csekundarna autonomija Ega\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Svakodnevnim re\u010dnikom, mogli bismo to objasniti ovako: osoba koja je imala odre\u0111ene konflikte i probleme, pa je uspela da ih razre\u0161i, da ubla\u017ei snagu svojih emocija upletenih u konflikte, zauzme odre\u0111enu distancu i prona\u0111e adekvatno re\u0161enje, iz tih uspeha sti\u010de odre\u0111eno isustvo i ve\u0161tine (proceduralna znanja). Ona je razvile generalizovane mehanizme za re\u0161avanje problema, \u201eiskusna je\u201c, ima \u201e\u0161kolu \u017eivota\u201c\u2026i, kad se pojave slede\u0107i problemi, osoba ve\u0107 ume da se sabere, \u201esti\u0161a strasti\u201c i pretvori njihovu energiju u \u201eradnu energiju\u201c, energiju koja \u0107e joj omogu\u0107iti da razborito sagleda problem i upotrebi svoje kapacitete da ga re\u0161i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osoba \u010dije se kognitivne funkcije napajaju neneutralizovanim energijom ima iskrivljenu sliku stvarnosti (<\/strong>oslabljen kapacitet za testiranje realnosti), a iskrivljavanje stvarnosti je onemogu\u0107ava da produktivno radi. <\/strong>Ako su kognitivne funkcije (opa\u017eanje, mi\u0161ljenje, pam\u0107enje) napajane agresijom, osoba \u0107e u stvarnosti tra\u017eiti i videti znake opasnosti i agresivnosti, tra\u017ei\u0107e \u201edlaku u jajetu\u201c, negativne komponente stvarnosti koji \u0107e opravdavati njenu agresivnost. Radni zadatak \u0107e biti \u201cneprijatelj\u201d koga treba pobediti, a prepreke ne\u0161to \u0161to treba uni\u0161titi. Njena percepcija \u0107e biti usmerena na negativne, ugro\u017eavaju\u0107e aspekte stvarnosti, na negativne osobine drugih ljudi\u2026Na taj na\u010din \u0107e i tuma\u010diti dobijene podatke, obra\u0111ivati ih, pamtiti \u201esamo lo\u0161e stvari\u201c\u2026Ako su kognitivne funkcije napajane neneutralizovanom seksualnom energijom osoba \u0107e, tako\u0111e, iskrivljavati stvarnost, u svemu videti seksualnost, erotizovati one kognitivne funkcije koje nisu seksualne, videti samo one aspekte posla koji se uklapaju u njene seksualne potrebe (egzibicionisa\u0107e na poslu umesto da radi, do\u017eive\u0107e poslovnu konkurenciju kao nadmetanje u potenciji\u2026). Naravno, seksualna energija mo\u017ee biti usmerena na oralnost, analnost, falusnost\u2026i osoba mo\u017ee erotizovati kognitivne funkcije oralnom, analnom ili falusnom seksualno\u0161\u0107u i agresijom. Posledica toga je da osoba ne opa\u017ea, ne misli, ne pamti jasno, neiskrivljeno. U pona\u0161anju na radnom mestu se to manifestuje kao impulsivnost, nepromi\u0161ljeno pona\u0161anje, ili kao \u201cdramatizacija\u201d de\u0161avanja na poslu i radnih zadataka. Takve osobe su nestrpljive, ne mogu da podnesu odlaganje, srljaju u poslu, moraju da ne\u0161to urade odmah, sada, bez razmi\u0161ljanja o posledicama. Sklone su \u201codigravanjima\u201d, nereflektovanim aktivnostima kroz koje prazne nerazre\u0161ene konflikte. Proces rada gubi svoju racionalnu komponentu i postaje arena za pra\u017enjenje i odigravanje nesvesnih impulsa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Opisi kao \u0161to su: \u201eostaje trezven i u emotivno nabijenim situacijama\u201c, \u201erazborita osoba\u201c, \u201erealna osoba\u201c, \u201ene gubi glavu\u201c, \u201erazmi\u0161lja hladne glave\u201c \u201eobjektivna osoba\u201c\u2026govore o kognitivnim funkcijama osoba sposobnih za neutralizaciju. To ne zna\u010di da je racionalna, realna osoba, bez energije, da je potisnula svoje instikte ili ih ugasila, da je aseksualna ili da nema potrebnu agresivnost. Ona nije \u201emrtvo puvalo\u201c, mislilac bez emocija, robot, kompjuter\u2026Njen ego ima puno energije, ali je ta energija neutralna i slu\u017ei egu za funkcije adaptacije na stvarnost. U primeru br. 38, koji je dao Jacques, mo\u017eemo videti kako neneutralizovane instiktualne energije (kao posledica cepanja) iskrivljuju sliku stvarnosti klijenta i dovode do ozbiljnih inhibicija kapaciteta za rad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Postoji kontinuum gradacije energije od potpuno instiktualizovane do poptuno neutralizovane. Kada jednom ego nakupi rezervoar neutralizovane energije, on razvija ciljeve i funkcije koji se hrane iz tog rezervoara i ne moraju da zavise od ad hok neutralizacija. Izvor energije potrebne za adaptivne funkcije osobe je stabilan.<\/strong> Njena jasno\u0107a mi\u0161ljenja, sposobnost re\u0161avanja problema, ne osciliraju u ve\u0107oj meri. Njena snaga ega je stabilna. Razli\u010diti stepeni neutralizacije nisu podjednako prikladni za sve funkcije ega. Neke funkcije zahtevaju ve\u0107i, neke manji stepen neutralizacije (Kao i profesije. Razli\u010dite profesije zahtevaju razli\u010dit stepen sposobnosti neutralizacije. Profesija psihoterapeuta, na primer, postavlja izrazite zahteve pred ovu sposobnost). Sposobnost neutralizacije agresivne i libidinalne energije tako\u0111e mo\u017ee biti razli\u010dita kod iste osobe. Neadekvatnost kapaciteta za rad koja proisti\u010de iz problema sa neutralizacijom mo\u017ee se ozbiljnije ispoljiti u koliko se osoba bavi profesijom koja zahteva ve\u0107i stepen neutralizacije, tako da, kod osoba sa deficitiom sposobnosti za neutralizaciju, izbor zanimanja mo\u017ee biti od presudne va\u017enosti. Neke profesije dozvoljavaju mnogo vi\u0161e neneutralizovanje energije (neki sportovi, na primer, profesije koje uklju\u010duju veliku dozu egzibicionizma kao \u201edela posla\u201c\u2026) i u njima se nedostatak ove sposobnosti manje odra\u017eava na kapacitet za rad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Me\u0111utim, i kod tih razli\u010ditih profesija koje su povezane sa karakteristi\u010dnim nagonskim konfliktima i sublimacijom nedozvoljenih instiktualnih aktivnosti u one dozvoljene, prihvatljive Egu i sredini (egzibicionizam kod plesa\u010da, analna potreba za prljanjem kod skulptora\u2026), sposobnost da se obavlja bilo koja od tih umetni\u010dkih sublimiranih aktivnosti zavisi, u velikoj meri, od stepena u kojem je ta aktivnost postala autonomna, to jest, odvojena od originalne sfere konflikta. Kapacitet ega za regresiju na fleksibilan i reverzibilan na\u010din (Odre\u0111eni stepen regresije je potreban u umetni\u010dkom stvaranju. To je smisao izjava da su umetnici kao deca, da komuniciraju sa detetom u sebi, regrediraju, ali se vra\u0107aju iz regresije kada to zahteva zadatak koji obavljaju) je povezan sa kreativnim procesom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kris (1951) je pravio razliku izme\u0111u rezervoara neutralizovane energije dostupnog egu i takozvanih \u201enaleta\u201c energije. Rezervoar neutralizovane energije je osnova sekundarne autonomije ega. Naleti energije predstavljaju stepen i kapacitet za prolaznu redistribuciju nagonske energije. To se mo\u017ee videti kod svakog tipa aktivnosti i veoma je va\u017eno za kreativne individue (Da li imaju stalnu radnu energiju ili moraju da \u010dekaju nalete \u201einspiracije\u201c).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jo\u0161 dva Krisova zaklju\u010dka do kojih je do\u0161ao posmatranjem razvoja procesa neutralizacije kod dece rasvetljuju nam probleme koje neke odrasle osobe imaju u svom kapacitetu za rad. Kris je primetio da identifikacija mo\u017ee da uti\u010de na proces neutralizacije. <\/strong>Detaljna longitudinalna studija dvoje dece pokazuje nam kako su preferencije dece za odre\u0111ene aktivnosti, njihova sposobnost da podnesu neke pote\u0161ko\u0107e pri tim aktivnostima, da re\u0161avaju probleme, da elaboriraju fantazije i da, u isto vreme, isprazne instiktualne tenzije, odre\u0111ene karakterom odnosa sa majkom i identifikacijom sa njom.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Promene objektnog odnosa sa majkom sadr\u017ee u sebi model za odbrambena sublimatorna ovladavanja nagonima, kao i za\u010detak preferiranih tipova re\u0161enja, pa i preferiranih tipova neuspeha. Tako, u stresnim situacijama, kada je odnos sa majkom dobar, dete poja\u010dava tendenciju za odre\u0111enim tipovima neutralizacija, dok se, u situacijama razo\u010darenja ili besa prema majci, upravo te sublimacije koje su specifi\u010dno povezane sa majkom prve gube <\/strong>(kod slikanja, na primer, po\u010dinju da \u017evrljaju agresivno, razmazuju boje, prljaju se\u2026). Izbor sublimacije je najuspe\u0161niji onda kada aktivnost, u isto vreme, predstavlja i vezu sa objektom ljubavi. Kada je odnos sa majkom lo\u0161, onda je preferirno podru\u010dje za regresiju upravo ono koje je tesno povezano sa odnosom sa njom.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kod nekih odraslih osoba kapacitet za rad je, u velikoj meri, povezan sa zadovoljstvom u partnerskom odnosu. Kada su nezadovoljni partnerskim odnosom nisu sposobni ni da rade. Kao deca, kada su u lo\u0161im odnosima sa majkom, te osobe po\u010dinju da \u201e\u017evrljaju\u201c po svom poslu, kao da to rade \u201eza inat\u201c mami-svom partneru\u2026ili \u0161efu, kolegi, firmi\u2026svima ili svemu \u0161to simboli\u010dno predstavlja primarni objekt. Za njih i dalje odnos prema aktivnosti-radu predstavlja repliku odnosa sa objektom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u0161to je rad socijalna aktivnost, dobar deo poreme\u0107aja kapaciteta za rad je povezan sa problemima interpersonanih odnosa. Osobe sa problemima neutralizacije uglavnom imaju problema i sa sposobno\u0161\u0107u mentalizacije i stvaranjem onoga \u0161to se naziva \u201eteorija uma\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pojam teorija uma ukazuje na sposobnost deteta, koje se razvija na uobi\u010dajeni na\u010din, da pripisuje mentalna stanja kao \u0161to su \u017eelje, uverenja, namere sebi i drugima, kao na\u010din da osmisli i predvidi pona\u0161anje drugih (Tager-Flusberg & Baron-Cohen, 1993). Sposobnost podrazumeva razumevanje toga da pona\u0161anje drugih ljudi sadr\u017ei nameru ili svrhu, da ih motivi\u0161e \u017eelja da iska\u017eu svoje mentalno stanje ili da komuniciraju sa drugima.Teorija uma opisuje kako je mogu\u0107e drugima pripisati pogre\u0161na uverenja, dok mentalizacija ili refleksivna funkcija ozna\u010dava razumevanje sopstvenog pona\u0161anja kao i pona\u0161anja drugih u terminima mentalnih stanja.Mentalizacija ili reflektivna funkcija je razvojna novina koja detetu omogu\u0107ava ne samo da odgovori na pona\u0161anje drugih, ve\u0107 i na svoju ideju o tu\u0111em dr\u017eanju, namerama ili planovima. Mentalizacija omogu\u0107ava detetu da \u201c\u010dita\u201c tu\u0111e misli. Pripisuju\u0107i odre\u0111ena mentalna stanja drugima, dete osmi\u0161ljava reakcije drugih tako da mu njihova pona\u0161anja postanu smislena i prediktivna. Kako dete po\u010dinje da razume pona\u0161anja drugih, ono mo\u017ee, na osnovu vi\u0161estrukih postavki reprezentacija self-objekta organizovanih na bazi prethodnog iskustva, da aktivira one koje su najpogodnije da na adaptivan na\u010din odgovore na odre\u0111eni odnos sa drugim (Fonagy & Target, 1998).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brojne nesuglasice na poslu koje ugro\u017eavaju kapacitet za rad nekih ljudi posledica su upravo ovih nesposobnosti da razumeju svoja i tu\u0111a mentalna stanja, da stvore \u201eteoriju uma\u201c, razumeju smisao svojih i tu\u0111ih pona\u0161anja. Za ljude koji nisu u stanju da shvate \u201e\u0161ta se tu de\u0161ava\u201c, odnose, interese, namere i potrebe osoba u svom radnom okru\u017eenju, posao mo\u017ee postati \u201eno\u0107na mora\u201c, haoti\u010dna atmosfera stalnih nesporazuma i nerazumevanja. Njima kao da je stalno potreban neki \u201eglas razuma\u201c, druga osoba koja bi vr\u0161ila funkciju mentalizacije umesto njih, prevodila im i tuma\u010dila namere, stanja, potrebe drugih kao i njihove potrebe. To su osobe koje nisu bile u mogu\u0107nosti da preuzmu funkciju mentalizacije, ve\u0107 je tra\u017ee u spolj\u0161njim figurama. Takvi ljudi nisu imale priliku za stvaranje mehanizma regulacije vi\u0161eg reda \u2013 mehanizma za procenu i reorganizaciju mentalnih sadr\u017eaja. (Fonagy & Target, 2002). Njihov kapacitet za rad je zavistan od toga da li imaju nekog spolja\u0161njeg regulatora-neku osobu koja \u0107e da vr\u0161i umesto njih ove mentalne funkcije. Tek u prisustvu takve osobe, oni su sposobne da rade (\u0160to nije samo posledica potrebe za dru\u0161tvom, problema da se bude sam, konstantnosti objekta, ve\u0107 deficita u funkciji samoregulacije i razumevanja svojih i tu\u0111ih mentalnih stanja-sposobnosti za neutralizaciju i mentalizaciju).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nesposobnost neutralizacije i mentalizacije mo\u017ee uticati i na to da osobe sa tim problemom ometaju druge u radu, bilo da je to agresivno uznemiravanje, sklonost ka konfliktnom pona\u0161anju, ili seksualno uznemiravanje.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

U profesijama koje zahtevaju visoko razvijenu sposobnost za neutralizaciju i mentalizaciju deficit ovih sposobnosti mo\u017ee dovesti do ozbiljnih poreme\u0107aja u kapacitetu za rad. Prisetimo se kako je Greenson (1966) govorio o tome kakva isku\u0161enja imaju kandidati na obuci za psihoanaliti\u010dare (a i ve\u0107 obu\u010deni psihoanaliti\u010dari) vezana za reinstiktualizaciju procesa slu\u0161anja, na primer. De\u0161ava se da se relativno autonomna ego funkcija slu\u0161anja klijenta reinstiktualizuje (deneutralizuje).Jedna autonomna ego funkcija koja se odvija u \u201ezoni slobodnoj od konflikata\u201c mo\u017ee da izgubi svoju autonomiju ako se neki izolovani i potisnuti seksualni (ili agresivni) konflikt mobili\u0161e (ako ga pokrene ne\u0161to u radu sa klijentom) i neneutralizovana energija okupira funkciju ega koja je bila slobodna od konflikata.Tada funkcija slu\u0161anja potpada pod slu\u017ebu ida \u2013 tra\u017eenja zadovoljenja (npr. voajerizam psihoterapeuta). Dok je, pre toga, kandidat slu\u0161ao da bi razumeo, on sada slu\u0161a da bi zadovoljio svoju seksualnu radoznalost ili agresiju.Potrebno je da pravimo razliku izme\u0111u empatije i kontratransfera (prenos ose\u0107anja sa nekih drugih zna\u010dajnih osoba na klijenta. Uticaj iracionalnosti psihoterapeuta). Cilj empati\u010dkog slu\u0161anja je razumevanje klijenta. Cilj kontratransfera je zadovoljenje nekog terapeutovog impulsa ili ovladavanje njime.I \u017eelja da se \u201eizle\u010di\u201c klijent mo\u017ee biti reinstiktualizovana, \u0161to mo\u017ee ugroziti psihoterapijski proces. Klijent nije na psihoterapiji da bi zadovoljavao bilo kakve potrebe psihoterapeuta. Objektni odnos sa klijentom je od odlu\u010duju\u0107e va\u017enosti za to da li \u0107e se razviti empatija ili kontratransfer. Nije mogu\u0107e empatisati sa klijentom ako postoji jaka instiktualna komponenta u odnosu. Za empatiju je potrebno da nam je klijent drag (ne da nas sna\u017eno privla\u010di ili da ga volimo kao mogu\u0107eg partnera\u2026), \u0161to je jedan ciljem inhibiran, relativno neutralizovan objektni odnos. Grinson smatra da je kapacitet da se empati\u0161e sa klijentom autonomna ego funkcija koja koristi neutralizovanu energiju.Empati\u010dnost je zavisna od deinstiktualizacije i odr\u017eavanja konstantnosti objekta (od strane terapeuta). U terapijskom radu na razvoju sposobnosti neutralizacije od presudne va\u017enosti je sposobnost terapeuta za empatiju, njegov visok nivo sposobnosti za neutralizaciju (razboritost) i identifikacija klijenta sa tim aspektima terapeutovog pona\u0161anja.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tabela 34-neutralizacija, mentalizacija i sposobnost za rad<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ispoljavanje razvijene sposobnosti:<\/strong> osoba je racionalna, razmi\u0161lja \u201chladne glave\u201d, reaguje stalo\u017eeno i promi\u0161ljeno. Ego ima na raspolaganju stabilnu neutralizovanu energiju za kognitivne funkcije. Na poslu je stalo\u017eeno usmerena na re\u0161avanje problema. U stanju je da razume svoja i tu\u0111a mentalna-emotivna stanja i da konstruktivno sara\u0111uje u timu.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Ispoljavanja nerazvijene sposobnosti: <\/strong>instikti uti\u010du na racionalnost pona\u0161anja u radnom okru\u017eenju. Osoba reaguje impulsivno i iracionalno. Kontrola impulsa je lo\u0161a. Ako nema neutralizacije agresivnosti, osoba na poslu poku\u0161ava da ispolji svoju dominaciju, ili razvija paranoidne strahove da neko ho\u0107e nju da \u201cuni\u0161ti\u201d. Na prepreke reaguje besom. Odnosi sa kolegama su konfliktni. Neneutralizovana seksualnost dovodi do toga da radon okru\u017eenje postaje arena za ispoljavanje seksualnosti, egzibicionizma, fali\u010dke dominacije, erotizacije posla. Javlja se \u201cdramatizacija\u201d de\u0161avanja na poslu i radnih zadataka. Takve osobe su nestrpljive, ne mogu da podnesu odlaganje, srljaju u poslu, moraju da ne\u0161to urade odmah, sada, bez razmi\u0161ljanja o posledicama. Sklone su \u201codigravanjima\u201d, nereflektovanim aktivnostima kroz koje prazne nerazre\u0161ene konflikte. Proces rada gubi svoju racionalnu komponentu i postaje arena za pra\u017enjenje i odigravanje nesvesnih impulsa.

Nedostatak mentalizacije dovodi do toga da osoba nije u stanju da razume mentalna stanja kolega i pretpostavljenih ili klijenata, kao ni svoja mentalno emotivna stanja. U \u010destim je konfliktima, i \u201cne razume \u0161ta se tu de\u0161ava\u201d. Potreban joj je \u201cprevodilac\u201d-neko ko \u0107e vr\u0161iti funkciju mentalizacije umesto nje.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ZVOD IZ KNJIGE \u201eSPOSOBNOST ZA LJUBAV I RAD I OLI INTEGRATIVNA PSIHODINAMSKA PSIHOTERAPIJA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neboj\u0161a Jovanovi\u0107, Beoknjiga 2013-05-15<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Literatura:<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Abelson, R, P., &Rosenberg, M, J.<\/strong>, (1958) Symbolic psychologic: A model of attitudinal cognition<\/em>, Behavioral Science, 3, 1 \u2013 13<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abraham, K.<\/strong> (1922). Manifestations of the Female Castration Complex<\/em>, 1. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 3:1-29<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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